Further, SSc patients improve their grip strength, finger stretching and mouth opening with increased level of exercise.
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Both fibromyalgia and systemic sclerosis patients report decreased disease severity, pain, as well as better quality of life with more physical activity. Physically active patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have a decreased risk of autonomic neuropathy and CVD. In SLE patients, enhanced quality of life and better CVD profile were documented in more physically active patients.
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Physical activity decreases fatigue, enhances mood, cognitive abilities and mobility in patients with MS. Physically active RA patients were found to have a milder disease course, better cardiovascular disease (CVD) profile, and improved joint mobility. As a general trend, patients with autoimmune diseases tend to be less physically active as compared to the general population. Additionally, the incidence of RA, MS, IBD and psoriasis has been found to be higher in patients less engaged in physical activity. Physical activity has been shown to be safe in most of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), as well as others. IL-6 released from muscles functions as a myokine and has been shown to induce an anti-inflammatory response through IL-10 secretion and IL-1β inhibition. Moreover, physical activity has been proven to promote the release of IL-6 from muscles. Physical activity leads to a significant elevation in T-regulatory cells, decreased immunoglobulin secretion and produces a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance to a decreased Th1 cell production. Nonetheless, recent research highlights the salient role of modifiable behaviors such as physical inactivity on various aspects of the immune system and autoimmune diseases.
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With the advent of biological therapies, better outcomes have recently been noted in the management of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are a heterogeneous group of chronic diseases, which occur secondary to loss of self-antigen tolerance. In the last few decades, a plethora of scientific evidences have accumulated and confirmed the beneficial role of physical activity as a modifiable risk factor for a wide variety of chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus and cancer, among others. Physical activity, by definition, is any skeletal muscle body movement that results in energy expenditure.